MAKEFS(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual MAKEFS(8)
NAME
makefs - create a file system image from a directory tree or a mtree
manifest
SYNOPSIS
makefs [-DxZ] [-B endian] [-b free-blocks] [-d debug-mask]
[-F mtree-specfile] [-f free-files] [-M minimum-size]
[-m maximum-size] [-N userdb-dir] [-O offset] [-o fs-options]
[-R roundup-size] [-S sector-size] [-s image-size] [-T timestamp]
[-t fs-type] image-file directory | manifest [extra-directory ...]
DESCRIPTION
The utility makefs creates a file system image into image-file from the
directory tree directory or from the mtree manifest manifest. If any
optional directory trees are passed in the extra-directory arguments,
then the directory tree of each argument will be merged into the
directory or manifest first before creating image-file. No special
devices or privileges are required to perform this task.
The options are as follows:
-B endian
Set the byte order of the image to endian. Valid byte orders are
`4321', `big', or `be' for big endian, and `1234', `little', or
`le' for little endian. Some file systems may have a fixed byte
order; in those cases this argument will be ignored.
-b free-blocks
Ensure that a minimum of free-blocks free blocks exist in the
image. An optional `%' suffix may be provided to indicate that
free-blocks indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
-D Treat duplicate paths in an mtree manifest as warnings not error.
-d debug-mask
Enable various levels of debugging, depending upon which bits are
set in debug-mask. XXX: document these
-F mtree-specfile
This is almost certainly not the option you are looking for. To
create an image from a list of files in an mtree format manifest,
specify it as the last argument on the command line, not as a the
argument to -F.
Use mtree-specfile as an mtree(8) `specfile' specification. This
option has no effect when the image is created from a mtree
manifest rather than a directory.
If a specfile entry exists in the underlying file system, its
permissions and modification time will be used unless specifically
overridden by the specfile. An error will be raised if the type of
entry in the specfile conflicts with that of an existing entry.
In the opposite case (where a specfile entry does not have an entry
in the underlying file system) the following occurs: If the
specfile entry is marked optional, the specfile entry is ignored.
Otherwise, the entry will be created in the image, and it is
necessary to specify at least the following parameters in the
specfile: type, mode, gname, or gid, and uname or uid, and link (in
the case of symbolic links). If time is not provided, the current
time will be used. If flags is not provided, the current file
flags will be used. Missing regular file entries will be created
as zero-length files.
-f free-files
Ensure that a minimum of free-files free files (inodes) exist in
the image. An optional `%' suffix may be provided to indicate that
free-files indicates a percentage of the calculated image size.
-M minimum-size
Set the minimum size of the file system image to minimum-size.
-m maximum-size
Set the maximum size of the file system image to maximum-size. An
error will be raised if the target file system needs to be larger
than this to accommodate the provided directory tree.
-N userdb-dir
Use the user database text file master.passwd and group database
text file group from userdb-dir, rather than using the results from
the system's getpwnam(3) and getgrnam(3) (and related) library
calls.
-O offset
Instead of creating the filesystem at the beginning of the file,
start at offset. Valid only for ffs and msdos.
-o fs-options
Set file system specific options. fs-options is a comma separated
list of options. Valid file system specific options are detailed
below.
-p Deprecated. See the -Z flag.
-R roundup-size
Round the image up to roundup-size. roundup-size should be a
multiple of the file system block size. This option only applies
to the ffs file system type.
-S sector-size
Set the file system sector size to sector-size. Defaults to 512.
-s image-size
Set the size of the file system image to image-size. This is
equivalent to setting both the minimum (-M) and the maximum (-m)
sizes to the same value. For ffs and msdos the image-size does not
include the offset. offset is not included in that size.
-T timestamp
Specify a timestamp to be set for all filesystem files and
directories created so that repeatable builds are possible. The
timestamp can be a pathname, where the timestamps are derived from
that file, or an integer value interpreted as the number of seconds
from the Epoch. Note that timestamps specified in an mtree(5) spec
file, override the default timestamp.
-t fs-type
Create an fs-type file system image. The following file system
types are supported:
ffs BSD fast file system (default).
cd9660 ISO 9660 file system.
msdos FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system.
-x Exclude file system nodes not explicitly listed in the specfile.
-Z Create a sparse file for ffs. This is useful for virtual machine
images.
Where sizes are specified, a decimal number of bytes is expected. Two or
more numbers may be separated by an "x" to indicate a product. Each
number may have one of the following optional suffixes:
b Block; multiply by 512
k Kibi; multiply by 1024 (1 KiB)
m Mebi; multiply by 1048576 (1 MiB)
g Gibi; multiply by 1073741824 (1 GiB)
t Tebi; multiply by 1099511627776 (1 TiB)
w Word; multiply by the number of bytes in an integer
FFS-specific options
ffs images have ffs-specific optional parameters that may be provided.
Each of the options consists of a keyword, an equal sign (`='), and a
value. The following keywords are supported:
avgfilesize Expected average file size.
avgfpdir Expected number of files per directory.
bsize Block size.
density Bytes per inode. If unset, will allocate the minimum
number of inodes to represent the filesystem if no
free space has been requested (free blocks or minimum
size set); otherwise the larger of the newfs defaults
or what is required by the free inode parameters if
set.
fsize Fragment size.
label Label name of the image.
maxbpg Maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group.
minfree Minimum % free.
optimization Optimization preference; one of `space' or `time'.
extent Maximum extent size.
maxbpcg Maximum total number of blocks in a cylinder group.
version UFS version. 1 for FFS (default), 2 for UFS2.
softupdates 0 for disable (default), 1 for enable
CD9660-specific options
cd9660 images have ISO9660-specific optional parameters that may be
provided. The arguments consist of a keyword and, optionally, an equal
sign (`='), and a value. The following keywords are supported:
allow-deep-trees Allow the directory structure to exceed the
maximum specified in the spec.
allow-illegal-chars Allow illegal characters in filenames. This
option is not implemented.
allow-lowercase Allow lowercase characters in filenames.
This option is not implemented.
allow-max-name Allow 37 instead of 33 characters for
filenames by omitting the version id.
allow-multidot Allow multiple dots in a filename.
applicationid Application ID of the image.
archimedes Use the `ARCHIMEDES' extension to encode RISC
OS metadata.
bootimagedir Boot image directory. This option is not
implemented.
chrp-boot Write an MBR partition table to the image to
allow older CHRP hardware to boot.
boot-load-segment Set load segment for the boot image.
bootimage Filename of a boot image in the format
"sysid;filename", where "sysid" is one of
`i386', `mac68k', `macppc', `powerpc', or
`efi'.
generic-bootimage Load a generic boot image into the first 32K
of the cd9660 image.
hard-disk-boot Boot image is a hard disk image.
isolevel An integer representing the ISO 9660
interchange level where "level" is either `1'
or `2'. "level" `3' is not implemented.
keep-bad-images Do not discard images whose write was aborted
due to an error. For debugging purposes.
label Label name of the image.
no-boot Boot image is not bootable.
no-emul-boot Boot image is a "no emulation" ElTorito
image.
no-trailing-padding Do not pad the image (apparently Linux needs
the padding).
omit-trailing-period Omit trailing periods in filenames.
platformid Set platform ID of section header entry of
the boot image.
preparer Preparer ID of the image.
publisher Publisher ID of the image.
rockridge Use RockRidge extensions (for longer
filenames, etc.).
verbose Turns on verbose output.
volumeid Volume set identifier of the image.
msdos-specific options
msdos images have MS-DOS-specific optional parameters that may be
provided. The arguments consist of a keyword, an equal sign (`='), and a
value. The following keywords are supported (see newfs_msdos(8) for more
details):
backup_sector Location of the backup boot sector.
block_size Block size.
bootstrap Bootstrap file.
bytes_per_sector Bytes per sector.
create_size Create file size.
directory_entries Directory entries.
drive_heads Drive heads.
fat_type FAT type (12, 16, or 32).
floppy Preset drive parameters for standard format
floppy disks (160, 180, 320, 360, 640, 720,
1200, 1232, 1440, or 2880).
hidden_sectors Hidden sectors.
info_sector Location of the info sector.
media_descriptor Media descriptor.
num_FAT Number of FATs.
OEM_string OEM string.
offset Offset in device. This option will be
ignored if -O is set to a positive number.
reserved_sectors Reserved sectors.
sectors_per_cluster Sectors per cluster.
sectors_per_fat Sectors per FAT.
sectors_per_track Sectors per track.
size File System size.
volume_id Volume ID.
volume_label Volume Label.
SEE ALSO
mtree(5), mtree(8), newfs(8)
HISTORY
The makefs utility appeared in NetBSD 1.6. It was ported to FreeBSD and
first appeared in FreeBSD 8.0.
AUTHORS
Luke Mewburn <lukem@NetBSD.org> (original program),
Daniel Watt,
Walter Deignan,
Ryan Gabrys,
Alan Perez-Rathke,
Ram Vedam (cd9660 support),
Christos Zoulas (msdos support).
FreeBSD 13.1-RELEASE-p6 September 17, 2020 FreeBSD 13.1-RELEASE-p6
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